The District of Columbia is located in the urban center of the Washington Metropolitan Statistical Area. This geographic area is bordered by the county of Arlington and the city of Alexandria in Virginia; Prince George’s and Montgomery counties in Maryland, and the Potomac River. At only 68 square miles, it ranks as the 20th most populated city in the United States. The District has a population of approximately 680,000 residents. It is divided into about 100 ZIP codes, four quadrants (northeast, northwest, southeast, and southwest) as well as eight principal Wards which are subdivisions founded for voting and political representation. 

 

Age and Gender

DC’s population skews to a younger age group with a median age of 34.9 years. Children under the age of 18 comprise about 19.01%of the population, with seniors (65 years and over) comprising about 13.18%. Females comprise about 52.48% of the population, while males comprise about 47.52% of the population. The average household size is 2.03 persons.[1]

 

Race and Ethnicity

Most of the DC’s racial makeup is non-White. 43.69 % of DC’s population is non-Hispanic Black and 11.80 % is Hispanic, with Whites accounting for 40.09 % of District residents. The Northwest quadrant of the District includes Wards 1,2, and 3, has a disproportionately higher White population, at approximately 52.71%, 61.21%, and 69.60%, respectively, and Wards 1 and 4 have a substantial number of Hispanic residents, 18.91%% and 23.19%, respectively compared to 11.8% of the District population. Ward 6, located in the heart of Washington DC, is 53.78% White. Approximately 86% of the residents in Wards 7 and 8 (the Southeast quadrant) are African American, and they experience higher poverty rates, earn lower incomes, and experience higher rates of unemployment than their counterparts in the District’s other six Wards.[2]

 

2023 DC Demographics by Ward[3]

Ward	Total         Population	% Child Population (less than 18)	% Child            Population (0-9)	% Population by Race and Ethnicity
				Non-Hispanic Black	Non-   Hispanic White	Hispanic/   Latinx	Non-Hispanic Asian/PI
1	83,885	14.85	8.85	22.21	61.91	18.91	8.10
2	83,162	10.56	6.11	13.96	66.57	11.95	12.22
3	77,813	16.97	10.34	7.82	75.20	10.25	8.96
4	83,103	22.56	14.02	52.43	35.41	23.19	3.88
5	88,965	19.64	11.98	51.09	36.63	11.62	4.71
6	106,206	16.25	9.82	30.13	56.69	8.26	5.75
7	74,561	26.48	16.57	90.32	4.15	5.07	0.58
8	73,200	28.87	18.61	88.98	5.29	3.66	0.57

 

Socioeconomic Indicators

 

Education: Over 90% of residents are high school graduates or higher, with more than half (59.43%) holding at least a bachelor’s degree. While the District’s median household income is $104,110, about 10.06% of the population lives below the poverty line. About 16.63% of residents speak another language than English at home, with Spanish being spoken in about 9% of all households.[4]

School enrollment data for public schools in the District of Columbia during the 2022-23 school year indicate 97,059 attend all k-12 schools. With that regard to educational attainment, 91.64% of residents are high school grads or higher; 16.17% of residents were categorized as high school graduates, 12.82% had completed some college, 25.45% had earned a bachelor’s degree, and 33.98% had earned a graduate or professional degree.[5]

 

Income and Unemployment: A review of economic well-being indicators shows that in 2007, the unemployment rate was 5.5%. By 2017, the unemployment rate had increased to 7.5%, lower than in 2011 (10.2%), but higher than the national average (4.9%). Annual household incomes also increased during this period. The median annual income for 2000 was $44,200, up to $70,848 for the years 2011 to 2015. In 2011-2015, 18% of District residents were living below the federal poverty level. In 2019, the unemployment rate dropped to 3.3%, increasing to 5.2% in 2020. In 2022, the unemployment rate is 6.53%. The median household income is $90,842 and 11.3% of families are living below the poverty level.

 

Housing: Housing plays a critical role in a person’s health status. Homelessness is closely connected to declines in physical and mental health. Over the last decade, DC has seen rapidly rising housing costs, leading to a significant loss of affordable housing. The median value of owner-occupied housing unit price of a single-family home was $157,200 in 2000. In May 2023, Washington, DC home prices were up 2.8% compared to last year, selling for a median price of $668,000[6]. On average, homes in Washington, DC sell after 39 days on the market compared to 25 days last year.

 

Rent has increased in 2023 compared to 2022 in some parts of D.C. and nearby communities. The average rent for apartments in Washington, DC, is between $2,040 and $3,577 in 2023. The average rent for a studio apartment in Washington, DC is $2,040. Regarding 1-bedroom apartments, the average rent in Washington, DC, is $2,470. For a 2-bedroom apartment, the average rent is $3,577. The average rent for a 3-bedroom apartment in Washington, DC, is $3,075.[7]

 

 

 

 

 

DC Socioeconomic Indicators by Ward 

Ward	% in Poverty[8]	% Children in Poverty[9]	Median Income ($)[10]	Employment (Count)[11]	Unemployment Rate[12]	% HS Grad or higher[13]	% Bachelor’s degree or higher [14]	% Single Female Headed Household[15]
1	11.3	22	126,433	60,317	6.5	90.7	72.6	29
2	12.3	11	118,214	62,416	4.2	97.7	87.2	7
3	7.9	2	157,057	55,187	4.2	98.5	88	9
4	9.5	11	106,634	46,049	10.1	89.2	56.1	20
5	15.3	19	102,744	40,331	11.4	91.1	51.2	34
6	11.9	18	125,555	54,633	7.6	95.1	77.4	25
7	25.6	38	49,509	32,295	15.4	86.7	24.8	71
8	30.2	38	47,421	25,470	20.1	87.3	21.4	65

 

Data on socio-economic factors and health indicators emphasize the correlation between factors such as poverty concentration and health outcomes within the DC population, with emphasis on the maternal and child health population. The differences in outcomes affecting the MCH population between the wealthiest ward (Ward 3) and the least wealthy (Ward 8) areas of DC are shown in the table below.

 

MEASURE	WARD 3	WARD 8
Child Poverty	2%	38%
Families Below Poverty with Children	0.90%	16.23%
Children in Single-Parent Families	13%	74%
% Low Birth Weight Babies[16]	7.0%	14.0%

 

 

Health Insurance  

In 2021, DC had one of the lowest uninsured rates in the nation, with only 3.7% uninsured residents. Of those insured, approximately 34.5% of residents receive public coverage, while 71.9% are privately insured. In 2021, about 40.4% of all District children under the age of 19 were covered by publicly funded healthcare coverage according to the US Census Bureau[17]. Of the entire child population, 96.3% are insured. The District has had historically higher rates of insured residents, in much part due to publicly financed insurance.

 

Health Care System  

There is a diverse and geographically well-distributed network of primary care practice sites that provide a comprehensive array of high-quality, well-integrated, and coordinated services to residents of DC, including obstetrical care. From 2006 through 2015, the District invested more than 70 million dollars in constructing or renovating 14 community health centers in areas of the city with disparate healthcare access and health outcomes. In 2020, DC had approximately 245.7 active primary care physicians per 100,000 residents.[18] Though DC has one of the strongest and most comprehensive primary care safety net systems in the nation, not all DC residents are fully engaged in appropriate primary care. Large portions of DC’s population are not engaged in needed primary care services, struggle to access care when and where they want it, and face startling disparities in health-related outcomes despite the availability of health resources. For example, from June 2015–May 2016, only 56% of Medicaid and DC Alliance enrollees had a primary care visit within the last 12-month period.[19]

 

The District is home to seven hospitals and hospital systems. All seven of DC’s acute care hospitals provide inpatient services, emergency services, comprehensive outpatient medical specialty, and surgical services, with inpatient care being the core service provided. Based on current licensure data, DC has a total of approximately 3,380 staffed beds.[20] Four hospitals (Children’s National Medical Center, George Washington University Hospital, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, and Howard University Hospital) are all verified Level I trauma centers. The District also has several neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). Children’s National Medical Center and MedStar Georgetown University Hospital are Level IV NICUs, offering the highest level of care for premature and ill children. Level III NICUs are available at George Washington University Hospital, Howard University Hospital, and MedStar Washington Hospital Center; Sibley Hospital has a Level II NICU. Emergency Department (ED) visits saw a significant decrease from 2019 to 2020 due to COVID-19. Unlike 2021, 2022 data shows a slight 0.6% increase in ED visits compared to the previous year, with a total volume of 376,116 ED visits. Notably, 2022 volumes remained below the 2019 pre-COVID-19 levels.[21]

 

Of the seven hospitals five are birthing facilities, which are concentrated in the Northwest and Northeast quadrants of the District, leaving many residents to reside in areas with few hospital options. On February 17, 2022, Mayor Muriel Bowser, and Universal Health Services (UHS) along with George Washington University and Children’s National Hospital broke ground on the Cedar Hill Regional Medical Center. This $375 million project located in the Southwest Quadrant of DC (Ward 8) includes a state-of-the-art 136-bed, full-service hospital, ambulatory pavilion for physician offices, clinics, and community space, a 500-car garage, and a helipad for emergency transports. A few key services include newborn delivery with a neonatal intensive care unit, academic medicine, and pediatric care, women’s health services, and more.

  

Disease Burden  

The District of Columbia’s 2020 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) survey found that residents living in Wards 7 and 8 were more likely to report having fair or poor health, high blood pressure, and pre-diabetes. About one-third of District adults were reportedly overweight, and an additional 24.3% reported being obese. Of those categorized as obese, 39.6% were African American compared to 11.5% who were White. In 2020, 12.0% of adults were smokers, with the majority of those residents living in Wards 7 and 8. While the smoking prevalence in the District continues to decline the use of Hookah has severely increased. In 2019, 17.1% of the District’s residents reported they tried smoking Hookah, and by 2020 this number has in increased to 35.4%. About 22.8% of female residents did not receive a routine doctor checkup within the past year compared to 34.3% of male residents. Lastly, 14.5% of District residents reported 14 or more days that their mental health was not good, with most of the residents who reported poor mental health ranging from 18 to 24 years old (21.8%). In 2021, the 10 leading causes of death in the District of Columbia, in ranked order, were heart disease, cancer, accidents (unintentional injuries), COVID-19,  stroke, assault (homicide), diabetes mellitus, chronic lower respiratory diseases, septicemia, and hypertension.[22] These conditions accounted for 75.81% of deaths among DC residents. However, most deaths (50.96%) were attributable to just the top three leading causes. The District of Columbia has seen a positive trend in life expectancy at birth. Over the past several years, the District has improved at a faster rate than the U.S. with the average life expectancy increasing from 77.4 years in 2009 to 78 years currently[23]. Disparities in life expectancy are evident in DC, with those living in impoverished communities having a lower life expectancy than more affluent residents. Life expectancy estimates for District of Columbia neighborhoods vary by 22.1 years.  

  

Governance   

The Home Rule Act of 1973 established the Council of the District of Columbia, the legislative branch of local government. This Act allowed for an elected mayor and Council and limited federal control of DC. The Act, which resulted from the ongoing push by District residents for control of their local affairs, maintains Congressional oversight with provisions that allow Congress to review all legislation passed by the Council before it can become law and retain authority over the District's budget. The existing local government is the most expanded form of self-government since the District's establishment as the federal government's seat. In 1790, when the District was established on land ceded by Maryland and Virginia to the federal government, only about 3,000 citizens lived in the area--far less than the 50,000 required to be a state.    

 

The Mayor of the District of Columbia is the head of the executive branch of DC’s government. The Mayor has the duty to enforce city laws, and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Council. In addition, the Mayor oversees all city services, public property, police and fire protection, and most public agencies. More than 20 District agencies (or departments) are divided into five clusters (Planning and Economic Development, Health and Human Services, Education, Economic Opportunity, and Public Safety and Justice). Each cluster is led by a Deputy Mayor who reports to the City Administrator. Sworn in on January 2, 2015, Muriel Bowser serves as Washington, DC’s seventh-elected Mayor.   

 

The Council of the District of Columbia is the legislative branch of local government. The Council is composed of a Chairman elected at large and twelve Members--four of whom are elected at large, and one from each of the District's eight Wards. A Member is elected to serve a four-year term. The Council’s central role as a legislative body is to make laws. However, its responsibilities also include oversight of multiple agencies, commissions, boards, and other instruments of the District government. Working with the Mayor and the executive branch, the Council also plays a critical role in maintaining a balanced budget and the fiscal health of the District of Columbia government.   

 

DC Health operates as a state and local health department. DC Health works in conjunction with The Department of Health Care Finance (DHCF), the District’s state Medicaid agency to ensure all residents in the District of Columbia have the support and services they need to be actively engaged in their health and to thrive. In addition to the Medicaid program, DHCF also administers insurance programs for immigrant children, the State Child Health Insurance Program (S-CHIP or CHIP), and Medical Charities (a locally funded program). DHCF works to improve health outcomes by providing access to comprehensive, cost-effective, and quality healthcare services for residents of the District of Columbia.

  

The District of Columbia has historically enacted fairly progressive legislation to support the health and well-being of women, children, and families residing in the District. Several recent examples are listed below:    

 

Healthy Schools Act (2010), designed to improve the health and wellness of students attending D.C. public schools by enhancing standards for breakfast/lunch access, school nutrition, farm-to-school food policies, physical activity and education, and health education. 

 

Health Students Amendment Act of 2017 Strengthens nutrition requirements for school meals; increases the reimbursement for school breakfast; expands breakfast after the bell and alternate serving models to increase breakfast participation; requires DCPS to conduct a baseline study and progress reports to align purchasing with the Good Food Purchasing Program’s core values; requires the Office of Planning to submit a report to the Mayor and Council regarding best practices for developing a central kitchen; and requires that DCPS and public charter school students participate in specified amounts of age-appropriate physical education per week.

 

The Food, Environment, and Economic Development in the District of Columbia (FEED DC) Act (2010) offers incentives to attract full-service grocery stores into low-income “food deserts”, and provides funding for a Healthy Food Retail Program, which helps small grocers and markets sell fresh produce and other healthy foods.   

 

Youth Bullying Prevention Act (2012) requires the establishment of a bullying prevention task force and the implementation of bullying prevention policies at District agencies and educational institutions.      

 

The Healthy Tots Act (2014) is designed to incentivize early care and education facilities to adopt higher nutritional standards and fund sub-grants for physical activity and nutrition programs.   

 

Prohibition Against Selling Tobacco Products to Individuals Under 21 Amendment Act (2015) amends District law to prohibit the sale of cigarettes to those under 21 years of age.   

 

DC Universal Paid Leave Amendment Act (2016) establishes a paid family leave program administered through the District of Columbia. The Act provides eight weeks of leave for caring for a newborn or newly adopted child, six weeks for tending to a sick relative, and two weeks for taking care of personal medical needs for any worker employed by a private business in the District.

 

Beginning January 1, 2023, for the first time, as part of the total 8 maximum weeks of paid leave currently available, employees will be eligible to receive up to 2 weeks of paid medical leave to care for their serious health condition. Employees will also be eligible to receive leave for more than one qualifying event per year, within the 8 maximum total paid weeks.

 

District of Columbia Minimum Wage Act (2017) gradually increases the minimum wage to $15.00 per hour by July 2020. The Act also provides for a gradual increase in the minimum cash wage to tipped employees to $5.00 by July 1, 2020.   

 

District of Columbia Living Wage Act (2006) allows for an increase in DC’s living wage to $17.00 per hour by July 2023. This act also allows for the gradual increase in minimum wage offered to tipped employees, starting at 8.00 per hour in July 2023 supplemented by tip credit. The passing of Initiative 82 in 2022 allows for this tip credit to be phased out entirely in 2027.  

 

D.C. Maternal Mortality Review Committee Establishment Act (2018) establishes a Maternal Mortality Review Committee to examine the causes associated with maternal mortalities of District residents and to help create a strategic framework for improving maternal health outcomes for racial and ethnic minorities in the District.    

 

Defending Access to Women’s Health Care Services Amendment Act (2018) allows pharmacists to prescribe and dispense self-administered contraceptives and requires insurers to cover certain health care services without cost-sharing, including breast cancer screening and counseling, screening for HIV and counseling for sexually transmitted infections.   

 

Protecting Pregnant Workers Fairness Act of 2014 (PPWFA) requires District of Columbia employers to provide reasonable workplace accommodations for employees whose ability to perform job duties is limited because of pregnancy, childbirth, breastfeeding, or a related medical condition. Individuals who believe they were denied a reasonable accommodation or treated unfairly in violation of PPWFA may file a complaint with the DC Office of Human Rights (OHR). If a violation is found, employers may be required to provide monetary or other relief to the employee.

 

Preterm Birth Reduction Initiative (2022) Based on lessons learned from The Preterm Birth Reduction Pilot Program (2019), in 2022 DC Health launched the Preterm Birth Reduction Initiative, in which four District birthing facilities (Community of Hope, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Howard University, and Unity Healthcare) were selected as grantees. DC Health works with these prenatal care providers to implement quality improvement initiatives to reduce preterm birth. This includes a focus on screening tools and/or procedures to help identify women at risk for preterm birth; management of associated risk factors for those at risk for preterm birth; and improving linkages to care, including prenatal care, labor and delivery options, social services, and community programs.  

 

The Better Access for Babies to Integrated Equitable Services Act of 2018 (BABIES) eliminated stand-alone screening programs and consolidated all newborn screenings (metabolic, hearing, and CCHD) to provide a comprehensive program that establishes quality measures and ensures accountability, regardless of whether the baby is born in a hospital, maternity center, or at home. This bill was not enacted by the DC Council. However, the Community Health Omnibus Amendment Act of 2018, which includes the comprehensive newborn screening provisions of the BABIES Act of 2018 was signed by the Mayor on January 30, 2019, and became DC Law 22-290, effective April 11, 2019.   

 

Better Access for Babies to Integrated Equitable Services Act of 2020 (DC Law 23-118), which became effective June 24, 2020, amends the Community Health Omnibus Amendment Act of 2018 to:  

  

1. Require individual and group health benefit plans to cover required newborn screenings.   

  

2. Authorize civil fines and penalties for the failure of hospitals and birthing facilities to comply with newborn screening, privacy, reporting, and discharge requirements.  

  

3. Establish a report card that assesses the performance of hospitals and birthing facilities in meeting newborn screening, inpatient services, and discharge requirements.  

  

4. Establish a Perinatal and Infant Health Advisory Committee to provide recommendations to the Mayor and the DC Health Director regarding improving perinatal health and assuring access to quality perinatal health services.   

  

Certified Professional Midwife Act of 2020 (DC Law 23-97) amends the Health Occupations Revisions Act of 1985 to provide for the certification and regulation of certified professional midwives and certified nurse midwives. It also specifies requirements for maternity centers, provides reimbursement for services provided by certified professional midwives, establishes an Advisory Committee on Certified Professional Midwives to develop guidelines for licensing professional nurse midwives, and regulates the profession of certified professional midwifery. Finally, the legislation includes certified professional midwives in the District of Columbia Health Professional Recruitment Program. This bill became law effective June 17, 2020.  

 

Postpartum Coverage Expansion Amendment Act of 2020 (Bill 23-326) amends the Telehealth Reimbursement Act of 2013 to extend inpatient and outpatient benefits to at least a year after childbirth. The Mayor is required to seek a Medicaid waiver to enable all health policies covered through the District’s Medicaid program to cover inpatient and outpatient maternity and newborn care for at least a year after childbirth. This legislation went into effect on October 20, 2020.  

 

Effective October 1, 2022, the Department of Health Care Finance (DHCF) will reimburse for doula services and enroll doulas as providers in health programs (Medicaid, Alliance, and the Immigrant Children’s Program). This Transmittal outlines the scope of services, enrollment information, billing standards, and reimbursement rates for doulas.

 

 

The District’s current Mayor, Mayor Bowser, has emphasized creating pathways to the middle class for residents and plans to foster a culture of inclusion, transparency, and action. One of her top priorities is addressing homelessness and affordable housing. In her first budget, she directed $100 million to the Housing Production Trust Fund, putting several affordable housing units into the pipeline, and has released plans to replace the city’s largest aging family shelter with smaller family housing in all eight Wards. Other priorities include investments in education to accelerate the pace of education reform; strengthening job training programs; attracting and retaining jobs in the District; creating a more transparent and open government through an open data policy; and launching an inclusive technology program to support startups and entrepreneurs offering products and services to underserved communities.  

 

Perinatal Health Worker Training Access Act of 2019 (Bill 23-341) require DC Health to provide grants to implement a perinatal health worker-training program to train residents in Wards 5, 7, and 8, to provide culturally congruent nonclinical care to women during their perinatal period.  A hearing was held on this legislation on December 18, 2019.   

 

Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative Act of 2018 (Bill 22-808)   

Requires all general acute care hospitals and special hospitals that have a perinatal unit to adopt the “Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding” as adopted by Baby-Friendly USA or an alternate process adopted by a health care service plan that includes evidence-based policies, practices, and targeted outcomes, or the Model Hospital Policy. This legislation expired at the end of Council Session 22.   

 

Community Health Omnibus Act of 2018, Amendment to Chapter 21 (Neonatal Screening Services) of Title 22 (Health), Subtitle B (Public Health and Medicine) of the District of Columbia Municipal Regulations (DCMR) 2023

This rulemaking amends 22-B DCMR § 2101.1 to add Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) to the panel of newborn dried blood spot screening tests that hospitals and birthing centers must make available to parents of newborns. SMA is a genetic disorder manifested by weakness and wasting of the muscles used for movement. The muscle weakness usually worsens with age and, if left untreated, can be lethal by age two.

 

The addition of SMA follows the recommendations of the DC Committee on Metabolic Disorders and the Health Resources and Services Administration’s Advisory Committees on Heritable Disorders in Newborns and Children and is based on the best available clinical guidelines. SMA is an important addition to the District’s newborn screening panel because of the severe impacts of undiagnosed SMA on newborns and their families, the availability of an accurate screening test for this condition, and the fact that treatment of SMA can prevent the death of the child and is only effective if implemented early.

 

Elimination of Discrimination Against Women Amendment Act of 2022.  

This act amends the District of Columbia Commission for Women Act of 1978 to require that all District government agencies conduct gender analyses every two years, to require the Commission for Women to develop a citywide action plan to eliminate discrimination against women and to require the Commission for Women to provide training on gender equity and human rights to District government employees.

 

D.C. Law 24-168. Medically Necessary Foods Coverage Act of 2022

This act requires health insurers in the District to provide coverage for medically necessary foods.

[1] Dc Health Matters. (2023) Demographic Data. Retrieved from https://www.dchealthmatters.org/?module=demographicdata&controller=index&action=index&id=130951&sectionId=936

[2] ibid

[3] Ibid

[4] Ibid

[5] Office of the State Superintendent of Education. (2022). 2021-22 School Year Audit and Verification of Student Enrollment Report

ibid

Office of the State Superintendent of Education. (2023). 2022-23 School Year Audit and Verification of Student Enrollment Report

 

[6] Redfin. Washington, DC Housing Market (2023)

[7] Rental Market trends in Washington, DC https://www.rent.com/district-of-columbia/washington-apartments/rent-trends

 

[8] Census Profile: Washington, D.C. Census Reporter (2021 – 5yr ACS)

OR  https://opdatahub.dc.gov/pages/district-of-columbia-profiles

[9] ibid

[10] Dc Health Matters. (2022) Demographic Data. Retrieved from https://www.dchealthmatters.org/?module=demographicdata&controller=index&action=index&id=130951&sectionId=936

Dc Health Matters. (2023) Demographic Data. Retrieved from https://www.dchealthmatters.org/?module=demographicdata&controller=index&action=index&id=130951&sectionId=936

[11] The DC Department of Employment Services. Unemployment Data for DC Wards (As of December 2020)

[12] ibid

[13] Census Profile: Washington, D.C. Census Reporter (2021, 5 yr ACS)

[14] ibid

[15] Data Center Kids Count. Families Headed by a Single Mother by Ward

(Retrieved from: https://datacenter.aecf.org/data/tables/7162-families-headed-by-a-single-mother-by-ward?loc=10&loct=3#ranking/21/any/true/2048/any/14195)

[16]   Dc Health Matters. (2022) Demographic Data. Retrieved from https://www.dchealthmatters.org/?module=demographicdata&controller=index&action=index&id=130951&sectionId=936

Original Source: https://datacenter.aecf.org/data/tables/7459-low-weight-births-by-ward?loc=10&loct=21#detailed/21/1852-1859/false/2048/any/14550,14551

[17] U.S. Census Bureau, 2008 to 2019 American Community Surveys (ACS).

US Census Bureau 2021 Retrieved from: https://data.census.gov/table?q=Health+insurance+in+DC+in+2021&tid=ACSST1Y2021.S2701

[18] District of Columbia Physician Workforce Profile. (2021)

Retrieved from: https://www.aamc.org/data-reports/workforce/data/2021-state-profiles

[19] District of Columbia Department of Health. (2018). Primary care needs assessment. Washington, DC

 

Retrieved from: https://dchealth.dc.gov/sites/default/files/dc/sites/doh/page_content/attachments/DC%20Primary%20Care%20Needs%20Assessment%202018.pdf

[20] District of Columbia Hospital Association

[21] ibid

Retrieved from: https://dcha.org/data-publications/

[22] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. District of Columbia Key Health Indicators. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/states/dc/DC1.htm#lcod

 

[23] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. District of Columbia. National Center for Health Statistics.